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How Can Diode Laser Arrays Avoid Sudden Power Drops?

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Diode laser array degradation is best managed as a trend-monitoring problem, not a sudden replacement event. Track each emitter or emitter group through optical output, drive current, forward voltage, coolant temperature, flow, and pulse history. Rising current for the same output, increasing thermal resistance, uneven near-field emission, or unstable power can justify controlled service before a clinical system experiences an unexpected outage.

What Is a Diode Laser Array Used For?

A diode laser array combines multiple semiconductor emitters to produce high optical power in a compact package. In aesthetic systems, arrays may support hair-reduction, vascular, pigment, soft-tissue, or other manufacturer-specified applications, depending on wavelength, delivery architecture, pulse format, and regulatory clearance.

The array is not a single interchangeable light source. It commonly contains:

  • Multiple laser bars or emitter dies.

  • A copper or copper-alloy heat spreader.

  • A micro-channel cooler or other liquid-cooling structure.

  • Electrical bus bars and current-control circuitry.

  • Optical coupling elements, fibers, lenses, or a treatment handpiece.

  • Temperature, flow, interlock, and output-monitoring sensors.

  • Brazed, soldered, or bonded mechanical and thermal interfaces.

The exact architecture varies significantly between manufacturers and platforms. A clinic should not assume that a diode bar from one system can be installed in another merely because the wavelength and package appear similar.

In operation, the electrical input is converted into optical output and waste heat. Semiconductor laser efficiency is strongly affected by junction temperature, current density, optical feedback, facet condition, and thermal path quality. As an array ages, one emitter may lose efficiency while neighboring emitters continue operating. The control system can sometimes compensate by increasing current, which may conceal deterioration until the remaining margin is exhausted.

A third-party technician may be appropriate for certain diagnostic and repair tasks, but authorization, parts provenance, calibration capability, and regulatory responsibility must be confirmed before opening a medical laser.

How Does Single-Emitter Degradation Develop?

Single-emitter degradation often begins as a gradual increase in threshold current or a reduction in slope efficiency. The array may still meet its commanded output because the power supply increases drive current, but this compensation raises electrical and thermal stress on the affected emitter and can accelerate deterioration.

Several mechanisms can overlap:

  • Active-region defects: Crystal defects can grow under electrical, optical, and thermal stress, reducing carrier confinement and conversion efficiency.

  • Facet degradation: Contamination, oxidation, optical feedback, or localized heating can damage the emitting facet.

  • Current-confinement changes: Defects or leakage paths can increase threshold current and reduce useful output.

  • Bond degradation: Solder, bond wires, metallization, or interfaces can develop voids, cracks, diffusion, or increased resistance.

  • Thermal-path deterioration: Poor contact, coolant contamination, blocked channels, or pump degradation can increase junction temperature.

  • Electrical transients: Surges or unstable current control can cause rapid damage rather than predictable wear.

Published reliability literature distinguishes gradual wear-out from random or catastrophic failures. Catastrophic optical damage may appear with limited warning when facet temperature or optical intensity exceeds a critical level. That is why a system that “still turns on” should not automatically be considered serviceable.comptes-rendus.academie-sciences+1

The most useful signal is usually a normalized trend: optical output at a defined current and temperature, or current required to achieve a defined output under repeatable conditions. A single low reading can result from a sensor problem, dirty optics, poor fiber coupling, or coolant instability. A repeatable trend across controlled tests is more meaningful.

Why Do Current Density and Junction Temperature Matter?

Current density determines how much electrical stress is concentrated in the active region and contacts, while junction temperature influences efficiency, wavelength behavior, defect growth, and thermal runaway risk. The combination matters more than either value viewed separately.

In practical terms, the same total array current can produce different stress levels depending on emitter count, active-area geometry, current sharing, pulse duration, and balance between emitters. A weak emitter may draw disproportionate current if the array’s electrical design allows unequal sharing. A healthy-looking total power reading can therefore conceal localized overstress.

Junction temperature is not always directly measured. A device may report coolant temperature or a thermistor near the package, but those values are proxies rather than direct measurements of the semiconductor junction. The thermal path includes:

  1. Heat generation in the active region.

  2. Conduction through the die attach and submount.

  3. Transfer through the solder or bond layer.

  4. Spreading through the heat sink.

  5. Convection from the cooler into the liquid.

  6. Heat rejection through the chiller, radiator, or facility loop.

Any increase in thermal resistance can raise junction temperature even when coolant temperature appears normal. A partially blocked micro-channel, air bubble, weak pump, fouled heat exchanger, or degraded interface layer may produce this condition.

Laser-diode reliability research identifies temperature, current, optical output, moisture, electrical surges, bonding, and heat-sink integrity as important factors affecting lifetime. Maintenance records should therefore capture the operating conditions associated with each power measurement, not just a pass/fail output result.

How Do Micro-Channel Coolers Protect the Array?

Micro-channel coolers remove concentrated heat by forcing liquid through small channels positioned close to the diode package. Their performance depends on channel geometry, coolant quality, flow rate, pressure, temperature uniformity, sealing, and the thermal resistance of the package-to-cooler interface.

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A well-designed cooler creates a short thermal path between the emitters and coolant. Copper-based micro-channel structures are common because copper provides high thermal conductivity and can be manufactured with dense channel layouts. Research on high-power laser arrays has also examined silicon and diamond-based heat-spreading structures to reduce thermal resistance further.sciencedirect+1

The cooler can fail without an obvious external leak. Internal fouling or particulate accumulation may restrict flow, while corrosion or chemical attack can change channel surfaces. A pump may continue running but deliver insufficient flow. An air pocket can create local hot spots even when the reservoir level and overall temperature appear acceptable.

Monitor, where the design permits:

  • Coolant inlet and outlet temperature.

  • Flow rate or flow-switch status.

  • Pressure differential across the cooler.

  • Chiller alarms and compressor performance.

  • Coolant conductivity, concentration, and contamination.

  • Reservoir level and filter condition.

  • Leak sensors and evidence of staining or residue.

  • Output stability during a controlled thermal load.

Do not substitute tap water, unapproved additives, or an incompatible coolant without manufacturer or qualified engineering approval. Coolant chemistry can affect corrosion, seals, conductivity, deposits, and warranty status.

The cooler’s mechanical integrity is also important. Repeated thermal cycling creates expansion and contraction across dissimilar materials. Over time, that can stress solder joints, brazed interfaces, seals, and mounting surfaces. A repair that restores optical output but leaves the thermal path marginal may create a short-lived improvement.

What Does Gold-Tin Soldering Integrity Affect?

Gold-tin solder is used in some laser packages because it can provide a high-temperature, relatively stable die-attach interface when correctly processed. Its reliability depends on alloy composition, surface preparation, reflow profile, bond-line thickness, voiding, wetting, contamination control, and thermal cycling.

A solder interface performs several jobs simultaneously:

  • It transfers heat away from the laser die.

  • It maintains mechanical alignment.

  • It provides an electrical path where the package requires it.

  • It must tolerate repeated temperature changes without excessive fatigue.

  • It must preserve low and stable thermal resistance over service life.

Voids or incomplete wetting can reduce the effective heat-transfer area. Cracks can increase resistance or allow mechanical movement. Excess solder, poor control of intermetallic formation, or unsuitable rework temperatures can damage the die or alter alignment.

Research on eutectic gold-tin joints has examined their microstructure and behavior on gold or gold-protected surfaces. The joint cannot be evaluated reliably from appearance alone; microscopic inspection, process records, thermal testing, and electrical-optical characterization may be required.

A technician should not promise that a visible reflow or solder touch-up restores original reliability. If the array package is hermetically sealed or manufacturer-aligned, invasive repair may change optical coupling, contamination control, or future serviceability. Ask whether the proposed work is a component-level repair, a complete bar replacement, or a manufacturer-approved module exchange.

How Can Clinics Detect Degradation Before Failure?

Early detection requires repeatable baseline measurements and trend analysis. The most useful maintenance program compares the system with itself over time under defined conditions rather than relying only on a generic output specification.

Record:

  • Commanded optical output.

  • Measured optical output at the treatment interface or approved test point.

  • Drive current and forward voltage.

  • Pulse width, repetition rate, and duty cycle.

  • Coolant inlet and outlet temperatures.

  • Flow rate, pressure, or flow-switch status.

  • Ambient temperature and warm-up time.

  • Emitter balance or channel-specific readings where available.

  • Alarm history, fault codes, and treatment interruptions.

  • Maintenance, repair, handpiece, and software events.

Use the same calibrated meter, fixture, fiber configuration, warm-up period, and test mode whenever possible. A change in the measurement chain can look like an array failure. Confirm meter calibration, optical cleanliness, connector condition, and sensor plausibility before authorizing an expensive replacement.

Warning patterns include:

  • More current required to produce the same measured output.

  • Output falling only after the system reaches operating temperature.

  • Greater variation between pulses or treatment channels.

  • One emitter group diverging from the rest of the array.

  • Increasing coolant temperature difference or declining flow.

  • Repeated over-temperature, flow, or power alarms.

  • Visible asymmetry in the near-field pattern.

  • A new odor, discoloration, leak trace, or electrical noise.

  • Recovery after cooldown followed by repeated decline.

There is no universal percentage threshold that proves a diode bar must be replaced. Limits depend on the manufacturer, model, wavelength, control algorithm, and safety architecture. Use the service manual’s acceptance criteria where available, and document any alternative limits approved by a qualified engineer.

Mid-article action: Request a quote from ALLWILL for a diagnostic review, replacement-array sourcing, or a CPO system with documented output, cooling, and warranty records.

How Can a BME Technical Maintenance Checklist Guide Repair?

A BME or qualified laser engineer should use a documented maintenance process that connects measurements to a repair decision. The checklist below is the single practical decision aid; it is intended to organize evidence, not replace the manufacturer’s service procedures or required safety controls.

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BME Technical Maintenance Checklist

  • Identify the system: Record manufacturer, model, serial number, wavelength, array or bar configuration, handpiece, software version, and regulatory labeling.

  • Establish the baseline: Capture output, current, voltage, pulse settings, coolant conditions, warm-up time, and ambient conditions using calibrated instruments.

  • Check the measurement chain: Verify meter calibration, detector suitability, fiber alignment, connector cleanliness, sensor plausibility, and test-fixture condition.

  • Trend individual channels: Compare emitter groups or bars where the system provides channel-level data; flag persistent imbalance rather than one isolated reading.

  • Inspect cooling: Verify reservoir level, approved coolant, filter condition, flow, pressure, inlet and outlet temperature, pump function, chiller alarms, and leak evidence.

  • Assess thermal behavior: Repeat measurements cold and at operating temperature; investigate output loss that appears only after heat soak.

  • Review electrical stress: Compare current and voltage with historical values; investigate rising current at equal output, unstable regulation, surges, or abnormal ripple.

  • Inspect optical delivery: Examine lenses, windows, fibers, connectors, and treatment-interface contamination before attributing power loss to the array.

  • Evaluate package integrity: Look for evidence of corrosion, delamination, burn marks, cracked joints, loose mounts, or unauthorized rework; use appropriate microscopy or imaging when justified.

  • Classify the intervention: Decide whether the evidence supports cleaning, coolant service, optical alignment, sensor repair, cooler repair, bar replacement, complete module exchange, or retirement.

  • Verify repair: Require post-service output, current, voltage, cooling, alarm, interlock, and stability results under documented conditions.

  • Protect the asset file: Obtain the technician’s qualifications, parts identity, work performed, test results, warranty, calibration status, and remaining service limitations.

A checklist does not authorize bypassing interlocks, opening energized equipment, or performing patient-use testing without the required controls. Class 3B and Class 4 medical laser work should be conducted by personnel trained for the equipment and hazards, with appropriate laser-safety procedures.

What Are the Commercial Costs of Array Repair?

Diode bar replacement cost varies too widely for a universal price. The total may include the array or module, labor, optical alignment, coolant service, shipping, calibration, travel, downtime, and post-repair validation. A component-level repair may appear less expensive but can carry greater uncertainty if the package or cooler has broader degradation.

Request a written estimate that separates:

  • Diagnostic fee and whether it is credited toward repair.

  • Replacement part identity and provenance.

  • Labor and expected turnaround.

  • Alignment, calibration, and test charges.

  • Shipping, travel, customs, or import costs.

  • Warranty duration and exclusions.

  • Responsibility for damage discovered during disassembly.

  • What happens if the unit is not economically repairable.

For planning purposes, clinics may encounter repair proposals ranging from low-thousands for diagnostics or peripheral cooling work to materially higher five-figure estimates for proprietary diode modules, depending on system design and availability. These are broad estimates only, not quotations.

Compare repair against replacement using total operational cost. Include lost appointment capacity, temporary rental or substitute equipment, patient rescheduling, staff time, and the expected remaining service life after repair. A $12,000 repair with documented performance and a meaningful warranty may be reasonable; a $12,000 repair with uncertain output, unavailable parts, and no transferable warranty may not be.

ALLWILL can help compare repair, trade-in, new procurement, and certified pre-owned alternatives through sourcing and Smart Center support. The right decision depends on verified technical evidence, not on the repair invoice alone.

Which Technician Should Service a Medical Laser?

A third-party medical laser technician should be selected for equipment-specific competence, measurement capability, safety discipline, parts transparency, and written accountability. General electronics experience is not enough to establish competence with a high-power medical diode array.

Ask the provider for:

  • Experience with the exact manufacturer and model.

  • Training records or relevant technical certifications.

  • Calibrated optical and electrical test equipment.

  • A defined laser-safety and lockout procedure.

  • Access to approved or traceable replacement parts.

  • Ability to test cooling performance under load.

  • Experience with the relevant wavelength and package architecture.

  • Written repair scope, limitations, and warranty.

  • References from comparable clinics or biomedical departments.

  • Documentation suitable for compliance, insurance, and future resale.

Manufacturer service may provide the strongest access to proprietary diagnostics, software, and original modules, but it can involve higher cost or longer lead times. Independent service may offer flexibility and broader experience with legacy systems, but the clinic must verify qualifications and ensure that the intervention does not invalidate regulatory, warranty, or insurance requirements.

Do not permit a technician to defeat a flow switch, temperature interlock, door interlock, key control, or output monitor merely to keep the device operating. A bypass can conceal the condition that caused the power drop and create a more serious safety risk.

How Should Compliance and Asset Protection Be Managed?

Medical laser compliance depends on the specific product, market, intended use, labeling, and local operating requirements. In the United States, laser products are subject to FDA radiation-safety performance standards under 21 CFR Parts 1010 and 1040; additional device requirements may apply depending on the product and indication.fda+1

IEC 60601-2-22 addresses basic safety and essential performance for surgical, cosmetic, therapeutic, and diagnostic laser equipment within its defined scope. Compliance with a standard is not a substitute for verifying the product’s current regulatory status, local registration, service documentation, or operator requirements.

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After repair or procurement, retain:

  • Serial-number and ownership records.

  • Regulatory and import documentation.

  • Service reports and test data.

  • Calibration certificates.

  • Parts identity and lot information where available.

  • Warranty terms and exclusions.

  • Software and firmware records.

  • Preventive-maintenance schedule.

  • Laser-safety officer or responsible-person records.

  • Evidence of operator training required by the jurisdiction.

For a CPO unit, ask precisely what “certified” means. Confirm the inspection scope, replaced components, output testing, cooling verification, cosmetic grade, warranty start date, and exclusions. ALLWILL should be treated as a sourcing and verification partner, while the clinic should confirm authenticity, compliance, warranty, and suitability in writing before purchase.

What Procurement Risks Should Clinics Avoid?

The principal risks are misdiagnosing a peripheral fault as array failure, accepting an unsupported repair, and buying a replacement without understanding the old system’s remaining obligations. A low price is not protective if the array lacks traceable provenance or the repair cannot be validated.

Avoid:

  • Replacing the array before checking optics, sensors, power electronics, and cooling.

  • Treating total output as proof that every emitter is healthy.

  • Using unapproved coolant or ignoring flow and pressure data.

  • Accepting “refurbished” without a defined refurbishment scope.

  • Installing a part without verifying wavelength, package, pinout, and optical geometry.

  • Authorizing solder rework without understanding package and thermal-path risks.

  • Bypassing interlocks to complete treatments.

  • Failing to record baseline measurements after service.

  • Buying a CPO device without serial-number, warranty, and regulatory documents.

  • Assuming a third-party repair preserves manufacturer support.

  • Comparing repair cost only with the price of a new system.

  • Ignoring downtime and availability of replacement parts.

ALLWILL Expert View

A diode-array power drop should be treated as a system-level reliability signal, not automatically as proof that every bar has reached end of life. In practice, cooling, optical delivery, measurement fixtures, current regulation, and emitter balance must be separated before a clinic authorizes a major module replacement. The most valuable service document is not a sentence saying “output restored”; it is a repeatable record showing output, current, voltage, temperature, flow, pulse conditions, and stability before and after the intervention. That evidence protects the clinic’s budget and creates a defensible asset history for future trade-in or resale. Third-party service can be appropriate, particularly for supported legacy systems, but the provider should identify the exact part, explain the repair boundary, state what was not tested, and provide a meaningful warranty. If the array, cooler, and control electronics are all aging together, a verified CPO replacement may reduce operational uncertainty more effectively than repeated component repairs. The decision should be based on remaining service life and documented risk, not the lowest initial invoice.

Frequently Asked Questions

What causes a diode laser array to lose power?
Common causes include emitter wear, rising threshold current, facet damage, solder or bond degradation, optical contamination, poor cooling, blocked micro-channels, pump problems, sensor faults, and current-control instability. A measured output drop should be investigated under repeatable conditions before the array is replaced.

How much does diode bar replacement cost?
Pricing depends on the platform, wavelength, module design, parts availability, labor, alignment, calibration, shipping, and warranty. Broad planning estimates can range from several thousand dollars for diagnostics or peripheral repairs to five-figure totals for proprietary modules. Request a model-specific written quote rather than relying on a generic online figure.

Can a third-party technician repair an aesthetic diode laser?
Yes, in some cases, but verify exact-model experience, calibrated test equipment, laser-safety procedures, parts provenance, repair limitations, and warranty terms. Confirm that service will not compromise regulatory documentation, manufacturer support, insurance requirements, or required interlocks.

Is a CPO diode laser safer than repairing an old array?
Neither option is automatically safer. A repair may preserve a familiar platform, while a CPO unit may provide documented testing, refreshed components, and warranty coverage. Compare condition, cooling, output stability, service history, compliance documents, and support terms before choosing; request a quote from ALLWILL for both paths.

How can clinics monitor emitter degradation?
Track output, drive current, voltage, temperature, flow, pulse conditions, alarms, and channel balance over time with calibrated equipment. Rising current at the same output or deterioration after thermal soak deserves technical review. Keep every baseline and post-service report in the device’s permanent maintenance file.

References

  1. Laser Diode Reliability: Crystal Defects and Degradation Modescomptes-rendus.academie-sciences

  2. Laser Diode Burn-In and Reliability Testingmks

  3. Experimental Study and Numerical Modeling of Micro-Channel Cooler with Micro-Pipes for High-Power Diode Laser Arrayssciencedirect

  4. Improved Heat Sinking for Laser-Diode Arrays Using Microchannels in CVD Diamondnanoheat.stanford

  5. The Thermal Management System of Laser Diodearpnjournals

  6. Microstructure of Eutectic 80Au/20Sn Solder Joint in Laser Diode Packagesciencedirect

  7. Laser Products and Instruments, U.S. Food and Drug Administrationfda

  8. 21 CFR § 1040.10 — Laser Productslaw.cornell

  9. IEC 60601-2-22:2019 — Medical Electrical Equipmentwebstore.iec

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(b) Special Order Product. If this Agreement includes the sale of a product that MRP does not currently have or typically keep in stock, in MRP’s sole determination, but is acquired from a third party specifically for Buyer (a “Special Order Product”), then Buyer agrees that (i) Buyer, at its sole discretion, has made the selection of such Special Order Product, (ii) such Special Order Product is being acquired by MRP solely at the request of Buyer, (iii) no representation, warranty or guarantee has been made by MRP with respect to such Special Order Product, (iv) the obligation of Buyer to pay MRP for the Special Order Product is absolute and unconditional, and (v) Buyer waives and releases MRP from all claims, damages and losses arising out of such Special Order Product. Special Order Products carry no right to inspection before or after delivery, and MRP is not responsible for examining or evaluating such Special Order Products. MRP makes no warranty about Special Order Products and offerings of the third party (including description of the Special Order Product). MRP does not assume any responsibility or liability for the actions, product and content of all these and any other third parties. If there are any problems with any Special Order Product, Buyer must contact the manufacturer of such Special Order Product for assistance.

(c) Limited Warranties, If Any.

(i) If the Quote expressly states that the Equipment has a warranty for a certain time (a “Warranty Period”), then MRP warrants that the Equipment shall be in good working order under normal use for the Warranty Period, which Warranty Period shall commence from the date of delivery to Buyer (the “Delivery Date”), unless otherwise approved by an MRP Officer in writing, except for the following: (A) New (not used or pre-owned) Equipment that is to be serviced by MRP: if the Quote is silent, warranted to be in good working order under normal use for one hundred eighty (180) days from the Delivery Date; (B) Used Equipment sold refurbished by MRP: if the Quote is silent, warranted to be in good working order under normal use for thirty (30) days from the Delivery Date; (C) Consumable/disposable Equipment: if the Quote is silent, warranted to have been shipped from MRP in functional condition, and no additional warranty shall apply; no service shall be provided either. These items should be inspected for obvious damage, subject to Section 6 and 8(e), and MRP’s obligation under this warranty and this Section 8(c)(i)(C) is limited to replacement of the Equipment; and (D) New (not used or pre-owned) Equipment that is to be serviced by the manufacturer: if the Quote is silent, MRP makes no warranty for any such Equipment. Buyer’s sole warranty for any such Equipment, if any, shall be the original manufacturer’s warranty, which MRP agrees to pass on to Buyer, as applicable. (ii) For the limited warranties of Section 8(c)(i), including exceptions (A) and (B), but not (C) or this (D), Buyer is entitled to telephone, e-mail and video technical assistance and, subject to Sections 8(d) and 8(e), repair or replacement of such Equipment, in MRP’s sole discretion, should the Equipment become inoperative through normal use during the Warranty Period. Loaner equipment is not provided, but if so arranged by MRP, Buyer shall pay MRP the cash list price of any unreturned loaner equipment provided by MRP within seven (7) days of a written demand from MRP. (iii) Repair or replacement under any limited warranty of Equipment may be with parts or products that are new, used or refurbished, carrying the same limited warranty for the remaining term of the original item. Repairs or replacements shall not interrupt, extend or prolong the term of the warranty. (iv) For Services purchased under this Agreement, MRP warrants that the Services shall be performed using competent personnel in a professional manner in accordance with generally recognized industry standards for similar services. Subject to Sections 6 and 8(e) herein, if any Service was not performed in accordance with the aforementioned warranty, then MRP shall, in its sole discretion, either (A) repair or re-perform the applicable Service, or (B) credit or refund the price of such Service at the pro rata contract rate.

(d) Exclusions. MRP reserves the right, without liability, to void all warranties and remedies, including any obligation to service, repair, replace or otherwise remedy defects, errors or failures of the Equipment due to the occurrence of any of these events, and MRP shall be in no way responsible for: (i) handling, maintenance or use in a manner that is inconsistent with and/or contrary to the original manufacturer’s or MRP’s recommended procedures and/or instructions, including, without limitation, use of or with an unauthorized third-party good or part; (ii) any failure or damage resulting from negligence, alteration, modification or relocation of the Equipment by Buyer, its employees, agents or representatives; (iii) attempted or actual unauthorized dismantling, disassembling, service, repair, addition or change of the Equipment, including, without limitation, changing the serial number or shot count; (iv) abnormal wear and tear, including, without limitation, use under abnormal conditions (e.g., unclean, dusty, or exposure to extreme electromagnetic radiation, temperature or humidity); or (v) damage or failure of the Equipment due to a Force Majeure Event or a problem in the premises of the Equipment. In any of the above situations, or for any Equipment that has no warranty, MRP has sole discretion to service the Equipment, at Buyer’s expense, at MRP’s then-in-effect rates for service, labor, travel, shipping and materials.

(e) Notice and Inspection. The limited warranties contained in this Section 8 are made on condition that immediate written notice of any noncompliance with the Equipment’s and/or the Service’s warranty be given to MRP, and provided that MRP’s inspection reveals that Buyer’s claim is valid under the terms of such warranty.

        9.  DISCLAIMERS; NO OTHER WARRANTY. EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 8(c)(i)(D), BUYER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT MRP IS NOT BOUND BY ANY WARRANTY THAT MAY BE SET FORTH IN A MANUFACTURER’S WRITTEN MATERIALS THAT WOULD HAVE APPLIED HAD BUYER PURCHASED THE EQUIPMENT DIRECTLY FROM THE MANUFACTURER IN ITS UNUSED STATE. BUYER ACKNOWLEDGES THAT BUYER HAS NOT RELIED UPON ANY WARRANTY OTHER THAN AS SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT. IN ADDITION, BUYER ALSO HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGES AND AGREES THAT ANY ORAL OR WRITTEN STATEMENTS CONCERNING USE AND REGULATION OF MEDICAL DEVICES SOLD BY MRP ARE AND SHALL BE CONSTRUED AS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OR ASSURANCE BY MRP AS TO THEIR ACCURACY OR VALIDITY. MRP ALSO HEREBY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES REGARDING OTHER MEDICAL CARE OR HELP, INCLUDING THE SELECTION OF AESTHETIC AND MEDICAL PROCEDURES AND PRODUCTS FOR, OR CARE OF, PATIENTS. THE LIMITED WARRANTIES OF THIS AGREEMENT, IF APPLICABLE TO ANY EQUIPMENT OR SERVICE FURNISHED UNDER THIS AGREEMENT, CONSTITUTE THE ONLY WARRANTIES MADE WITH RESPECT TO THE EQUIPMENT AND/OR SERVICE AND ANY DEFECT, DEFICIENCY OR NONCONFORMITY. TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, SUCH WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED BY LAW, COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, USAGE OF TRADE OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, TITLE, NONINFRINGEMENT OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

        10.  LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING TO THE CONTRARY IN THIS AGREEMENT, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL MRP BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, EXEMPLARY OR SPECIAL DAMAGES, ARISING FROM, RELATED TO OR CAUSED, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, WHETHER FORESEEABLE OR NOT, BY THE EQUIPMENT AND/OR THE SERVICES, THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE EQUIPMENT, THE RESULTS GENERATED FROM THE EQUIPMENT AND/OR THE SERVICES, THIS AGREEMENT, ANY OTHER ACT OR OMISSION OF MRP, OR BASED UPON ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY. IN NO EVENT SHALL MRP BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSSES OF REVENUE, USE, BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY, PROFIT, SAVINGS OR ANY OTHER DAMAGES DUE TO ANY CAUSE WHATSOEVER, EVEN IF MRP OR ITS AGENTS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. THE FOREGOING IS A SEPARATE, ESSENTIAL TERM OF THIS AGREEMENT, AND SHALL BE EFFECTIVE UPON THE FAILURE OF ANY REMEDY, EXCLUSIVE OR NOT. IN NO EVENT WILL MRP’S TOTAL LIABILITY UNDER THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE ACTUALLY PAID TO MRP BY BUYER FOR THE EQUIPMENT AND/OR THE SERVICES GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM FOR WHICH DAMAGES ARE BEING SOUGHT. NO SUIT OR ACTION MAY BE BROUGHT BY BUYER, ITS SHAREHOLDERS, DIRECTORS, MANAGERS, EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS FOR ANY BREACH OF THIS AGREEMENT MORE THAN ONE (1) YEAR AFTER THE ACCRUAL OF SUCH CAUSE OF ACTION. IT IS AGREED THAT MRP’S LIABILITY IS SO LIMITED. WITHOUT LIMITING THE GENERALITY OF THE FOREGOING, BUYER ASSUMES ALL RISK AND LIABILITY FOR THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE USE OF ANY EQUIPMENT IN THE PRACTICE OF ANY PROCESS, WHETHER IN TERMS OF OPERATING COSTS, GENERAL EFFECTIVENESS, SUCCESS OR FAILURE, AND REGARDLESS OF ANY ORAL OR WRITTEN STATEMENTS MADE BY MRP, BY WAY OF TECHNICAL ADVICE OR OTHERWISE, RELATED TO THE USE OF THE EQUIPMENT.

        11.  BUYER’S REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES. Buyer represents and warrants to MRP that: (a) Buyer is duly organized, validly existing, and in good standing in the jurisdiction of Buyer’s formation; (b) Buyer is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing in every jurisdiction in which such qualification is required; (c) Buyer has the full right, power, and authority to enter into this Agreement and to perform Buyer’s obligations under this Agreement; (d) the execution of this Agreement by the person whose signature is set forth at the end hereof has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of Buyer; (e) when executed and delivered by each of MRP and Buyer, this Agreement will constitute the legal, valid and binding obligation of Buyer, enforceable against Buyer in accordance with its terms; (f) Buyer is in compliance with all applicable laws relating to this Agreement, the Equipment and the operation of Buyer’s business; (g) Buyer is not insolvent and is paying all of its debts as they become due; and (h) all financial information that Buyer has provided to MRP is true and accurate and fairly represents Buyer’s financial condition.

        12. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.

(a) Ownership. No sale shall be construed as granting to Buyer any license or other right in, or to, any of MRP’s (i) patents; (ii) trademarks; (iii) internet domain names, whether or not trademarks, registered by any authorized private registrar or governmental authority, web addresses, web pages, websites and URLs; (iv) works of authorship, expressions, designs and design registrations, whether or not copyrightable, including copyrights and copyrightable works, software and firmware, technical data, data files, and databases and other specifications and documentation; (v) trade secrets; (vi) environmental or other testing applicable to the Equipment and/or the Services; and (vii) industrial and other intellectual property rights, and all rights, interests, and protections that are associated with, equivalent or similar to, or required for the exercise of, any of the foregoing, however arising, in each case whether registered or unregistered and including all registrations and applications for, and renewals or extensions of, such rights or forms of protection pursuant to the laws of any jurisdiction throughout in any part of the world (collectively, the “Intellectual Property Rights”).

(b) Prohibited Acts. Buyer shall not (i) take any action that might interfere with any of MRP’s rights in or to Intellectual Property Rights, including MRP’s ownership or exercise thereof; (ii) challenge any right, title, or interest of MRP in or to the Intellectual Property Rights; (iii) make any claim or take any action adverse to MRP’s ownership of the Intellectual Property Rights; (iv) register or apply for registrations, anywhere in the world, for MRP’s trademarks or any other trademark that is similar to MRP’s trademarks or that incorporates MRP’s trademarks in whole or in confusingly similar part; (v) use any mark, anywhere that is confusingly

similar to MRP’s trademarks in whole or in confusingly similar part; (vi) engage in any action that tends to disparage, dilute the value of or reflect negatively on the Equipment and/or the Services or any of MRP’s trademarks; (vii) misappropriate any of MRP’s trademarks for use as a domain name without prior written consent from MRP; or (viii) alter, obscure or remove any of MRP’s trademarks, or trademark or copyright notices or any other proprietary rights notices placed on the

Equipment, marketing materials or other materials that MRP may provide.

        13.  CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. Without the prior written consent of MRP,Buyer, directly or indirectly, shall not disclose (and will direct its directors, shareholders, employees and agents not to disclose) any Confidential Information. The term “Confidential Information” means any information of or relating to MRP or the Equipment and/or the Services not generally known to the public (other than as a result of disclosure in violation of this Agreement) in spoken, printed, electronic or any other form or medium, including, but not limited to, business processes, practices, methods, policies, plans, publications, documents, research, operations, services, strategies, techniques, agreements, contracts, transactions, potential transactions, know-how, trade secrets, databases, manuals, records, supplier information, financial information, accounting information, legal information, marketing information, pricing information, payroll information, personnel information, and supplier lists.

        14.  NON-SOLICITATION. Buyer agrees not to solicit or hire any personnel of MRP involved with the delivery of the Services during the provision of such Services and for twelve (12) months after the completion of such Services; provided, however, that Buyer may hire individuals employed by MRP who, without other solicitation, respond to advertisements or solicitations aimed at the general public.

        15.  EQUITABLE REMEDIES. Buyer acknowledges and agrees that (a) a breach or threatened breach by Buyer of any of its obligations under Sections 13 or 14 would give rise to irreparable harm to MRP for which monetary damages would not be an adequate remedy and (b) in the event of a breach or a threatened breach by Buyer of any such obligations, MRP shall, in addition to any and all other rights and remedies that may be available to MRP at law, at equity, or otherwise in respect of such breach, be entitled to equitable relief, including a temporary restraining order, an injunction, specific performance, and any other relief that may be available from a court of competent jurisdiction, without any requirement to post a bond or other security, and without any requirement to prove actual damages or that monetary damages will not afford an adequate remedy. Buyer agrees that Buyer will not oppose or otherwise challenge the appropriateness of equitable relief or the entry by a court of competent jurisdiction of an order granting equitable relief, in either case, consistent with the terms of this Section 15.

        16.  INDEMNIFICATION. Buyer agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless MRP and its directors, shareholders, employees and agents (collectively, “MRP Indemnitees”) against any liability, damage, loss or expense incurred by or imposed in connection with any claims, suits, actions, demands or judgments arising out of (a) any breach or non-fulfillment of any representation, warranty or covenant set forth in this Agreement by Buyer or its directors, managers, employees or agents (collectively, “Buyer’s Agents”); (b) any negligent act or omission or willful misconduct of Buyer or Buyer’s Agents in connection with this Agreement; (c) any bodily injury, death of any person or damage to real or tangible personal property caused by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents, including the use of unauthorized parts in or service of the Equipment; (d) any failure by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents to comply with any applicable laws; (e) any fraud or other intentional acts by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents; and (f) the use or operation of the Equipment, including, without limitation, any medical and/or surgical procedures performed by Buyer, and any of Buyer’s Agents, using the Equipment unless said damages are determined by a court of competence jurisdiction to be solely by the gross negligence of MRP or solely as result of a breach by MRP of the limited warranties contained herein.

        17.  DEFAULTS; REMEDIES. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, should Buyer fail to pay for the order or any other amount, in whole or in part, when due or perform its other obligations under this Agreement or as otherwise mutually agreed in writing between Buyer and MRP (each, a “Default”), then MRP may take any and all actions available under law or equity to collect said amounts with a ten (10) day prior written notice, including, but not limited to, enforcing its security interest, accelerating the payment of and declaring immediately due and payable any unpaid balance of the order, referral to outside collection agencies and/or commencement of legal action. MRP’s rights shall be cumulative, and it shall not be required to have attempted to realize upon to the Equipment before taking any other collection actions. MRP may require that Buyer assemble and return any or all of the Equipment to MRP and, in the event Buyer fails to return such Equipment peaceably, enter upon the premises where such Equipment is located, with or without legal process, and repossess such Equipment. Upon a Default, Buyer agrees to pay upon MRP’s demand: (i) all costs and expenses incurred by MRP or its assignee in connection with the enforcement of any remedies, including all expenses incurred in connection with the return, sale, release or other disposition of the Equipment, including attorneys’ fees and other costs incurred by MRP or its assignee in enforcing or defending its rights and remedies under this Agreement and any other written agreement between Buyer and MRP.

        18.  COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS. Buyer shall (a) carry out the transactions contemplated by this sale and deal with the Equipment in conformity with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of all government authorities, including, without limitation, export laws, (b) obtain all permits and licenses required in connection with the purchase, shipment, installation or use of the Equipment, and (c) be solely responsible to fully understand and comply with laws, rules and regulations. Any information provided is as a convenience only.

        19.  FURTHER ASSURANCES. Upon MRP’s reasonable request, Buyer shall, at its sole cost and expense, execute and deliver all such further documents and instruments, and take all such further acts, necessary to give full effect to this Agreement.

        20.  ASSIGNMENT; SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS. Buyer cannot delegate any duties nor assign any rights or claims under this Agreement without MRP’s prior written consent, and any such attempt or assignment shall be void. In the event that Buyer finances its acquisition of any Equipment with a third party, Buyer may direct MRP to transfer title of such Equipment to such third-party financing company, with all remaining terms and conditions of this Agreement remaining in full force and effect. This Agreement is binding on and inures to the benefit of the parties to this Agreement and their respective permitted successors and permitted assigns.

        21.  NO THIRD-PARTY BENEFICIARIES. Subject to Section 16, this Agreement benefits solely the parties to this Agreement and their respective permitted successors and assigns, and nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, confers on any other person any legal or equitable right, benefit, or remedy of any nature whatsoever under or by reason of this Agreement.

        22.  GOVERNING LAW; VENUE. The application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is expressly excluded. The parties agree that any and all claims, demands, disagreements, controversies or disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement and any agreement or document delivered in connection herewith (collectively, “Claims”) shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Utah and adjudicated exclusively in the state and federal courts located in or nearest to Summit County, Utah, which courts shall have the sole and exclusive jurisdiction and venue for adjudication of all Claims. The parties hereby agree upon, consent and stipulate to the jurisdiction and venue of the aforementioned courts for the adjudication of all Claims, to the exclusion of all other courts, forums and venues whatsoever.

        23.  NON-DISPARAGEMENT. Buyer shall not disparage MRP or MRP’s trademarks, websites, products or services, or display any such items in a derogatory or negative manner on any website or in any public forum or press release.

        24.  NOTICES. Any notice, demand, or communication required, permitted or desired to be given hereunder shall be deemed effectively given when personally delivered, when sent by electronic means, when received by overnight courier, or when mailed by prepaid, certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, addressed to the other party at its address set forth on the Quote or to such other address that the receiving party may designate from time to time in accordance with this Section 25.

        25.  PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENTS. Unless otherwise stated herein, neither party shall issue a press release or otherwise advertise, make a public statement or disclose to any third-party information pertaining to the relationship arising under this Agreement, the existence or terms of this Agreement, the underlying transactions between MRP and Buyer or agent for Buyer or refer to the other party in relation to this Agreement without the other party’s prior written approval.

        26.  ENTIRE AGREEMENT; ADDITIONAL OR INCONSISTENT TERMS. Subject to Section 32, this Agreement constitutes the sole and entire agreement between the parties hereto relating to the subject matter hereof, and any unincorporated representation, affirmation of fact, course of prior dealings, promise or condition in connection therewith, or usage of the trade, shall not be binding on either party. Terms and conditions set forth which differ from, conflict with or are not included in this Agreement shall not be part of any agreement between MRP and Buyer unless both parties specifically accept such terms and conditions in writing.

        27.  WAIVER. No waiver under this Agreement is effective unless it is in writing and signed by the party waiving its right. Any waiver authorized on one occasion is effective only in that instance and only for the purpose stated and does not operate as a waiver on any future occasion. None of the following constitutes a waiver or estoppel of any right, remedy, power, privilege or condition arising from this Agreement: any failure or delay in exercising any right, remedy, power or privilege or in enforcing any condition under this Agreement; or any act, omission or course of dealing between the parties.

        28.  SURVIVAL. Subject to the limitations and other provisions of this Agreement, the representations and warranties of Buyer contained herein shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement for a period of twelve (12) months after such expiration o termination and (b) this Section 29 and Sections 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, and 32 of this Agreement, as well as any other provision that, in order to give proper effect to its intent, should survive such expiration or termination, shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement. All other provisions of this Agreement shall not survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement.

        29.  RELATIONSHIP OF PARTIES. Nothing in this Agreement creates any agency, joint venture, partnership or other form of joint enterprise, employment or fiduciary relationship between the parties. Neither party has any express or implied right or authority to assume or create any obligations on behalf of or in the name of the other party or to bind the other party to any contract, agreement or undertaking with any third party.

        30.  HEADINGS. The headings in this Agreement are for reference only and do not affect the interpretation of this Agreement.

        31.  ORDER OF PRECEDENCE. In the event of conflict between the Quote, a written agreement by MRP, and these Terms, the order of priority shall be: (1) the written

agreement by MRP, if only if executed by an MRP Officer, (2) the Quote and (3) these Terms, and only to the extent of the direct conflict. Notwithstanding the foregoing, MRP shall not be bound by, and specifically objects to, any terms, conditions or other provisions, both written and oral, which are different from, in addition to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement which are set forth in any purchase order, receipt, acceptance, confirmation, correspondence or otherwise of, or by, Buyer. Fulfillment of Buyer’s order shall not constitute acceptance of any of Buyer’s terms and conditions and does not serve to modify or amend the terms and conditions contained herein.

        32.  SEVERABILITY. If any part of this Agreement is held to be void, illegal or unenforceable, then it shall be deemed to be severed from this Agreement and the remaining provisions shall continue in full force and effect; provided, however, that if any fundamental term or provision of this Agreement is held to be void, illegal or unenforceable, the remainder of this Agreement shall be unenforceable. Upon a determination that any term or provision is void, illegal or unenforceable, the parties shall negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement to effect the original intent of the parties as closely as possible in order that the transactions contemplated hereby be consummated as originally contemplated to the greatest extent possible.