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ICP vs Charge Output Sensors Cost & Uptime Guide for High‑EMI Clinical Systems

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In high‑EMI clinical environments with long cable runs and complex labs, ICP pressure sensors like the PCB 137B22B typically deliver better system uptime and lower total cost of ownership than classic charge output sensors because their internal microelectronics convert high‑impedance charge into low‑impedance voltage inside the sensor, allowing robust transmission over standard BNC cabling with far less susceptibility to electromagnetic interference and easier calibration. For buyers balancing capital cost, downtime, and maintenance, ICP technology often offers a more predictable lifecycle and reduced signal‑integrity issues in medical aesthetic and diagnostic systems.

What ICP & Charge Sensors Do & Ideal Clinical Profile

Piezoelectric pressure sensors convert mechanical pressure into an electrical signal; the main architectural difference is whether that signal leaves the sensor as high‑impedance charge or already conditioned low‑impedance voltage. Traditional charge output sensors produce a high‑impedance signal proportional to applied pressure that must be routed to an external charge amplifier or signal conditioner, making them sensitive to cable capacitance and noise.

ICP (Integrated Circuit Piezoelectric) sensors embed a microelectronic amplifier inside the sensor housing that converts the piezoelectric charge into a low‑impedance voltage, typically powered by a constant‑current excitation from the system’s data acquisition or conditioning unit. In high‑EMI medical environments—laser rooms, RF aesthetic suites, imaging labs—where cable runs can be long and electromagnetic fields strong, ICP sensors are well suited for:

  • Multi‑room aesthetic chains and hospital labs with central data acquisition and distributed sensors.
  • Systems using standard BNC connections over tens of meters where signal integrity must be preserved without complex shielding.
  • Clinics prioritizing uptime and easy sensor replacement over complex external amplification setups.

ALLWILL typically supports such facilities when they are assessing high‑ticket systems (e.g., energy‑based devices, diagnostic platforms) and need to understand how sensor architecture affects long‑term availability and maintenance overhead.

Topic‑Specific Core Analysis: Physics, Uptime & EMI Mitigation

The working title focuses on “ICP vs charge output sensors” and “maximizing system uptime in high‑EMI clinical environments,” so the core analysis must center on hardware physics, signal behavior, and reliability rather than trade logistics or price tables. The PCB 137B22B ICP pressure sensor illustrates the engineering traits that make ICP devices attractive in complex labs.

How Internal Microelectronics Block EMI Over Long Cable Runs

In charge output sensors, high‑impedance signals are inherently vulnerable to cable capacitance and external noise; long cables act like low‑pass filters, attenuating higher‑frequency content and making readings more susceptible to interference. The combined sensor‑cable capacitance behaves like an RC circuit, limiting the maximum transmittable frequency and gradually rolling off higher‑frequency signals as cable length increases.

ICP sensors address this by:

  • Embedding an amplifier: The piezoelectric crystal produces charge, which internal electronics convert to low‑impedance voltage right at the sensor.
  • Using constant‑current excitation: The system supplies 2–20 mA at around 20–30 VDC, biasing the internal circuit and enabling a fixed DC offset with AC pressure variations riding on that bias.
  • Driving low‑impedance outputs: With output impedances typically ≤100 ohms, ICP signals are far less affected by cable capacitance or EMI; they can be transmitted over long cables (up to 100 feet and beyond) without significant noise distortion in the usable frequency range for many clinical applications.

This architecture makes ICP sensors particularly resilient in high‑EMI environments where lasers, RF devices, and other electronics share the same space. In contrast, charge sensors often require low‑noise cabling, specialized shielding, and closer proximity between sensor and amplifier to maintain signal integrity.

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Mid‑article CTA: If your facility is experiencing unexplained signal drift or noise in pressure sensing across long cable runs, request a quote from ALLWILL to evaluate ICP‑based configurations and compatible data acquisition hardware for your current systems.

Revenue / Operational Impact & Payback Math

From a procurement perspective, ICP sensors may carry higher upfront unit costs than basic charge output transducers, but they often reduce total lifecycle costs by simplifying signal conditioning and reducing downtime. Consider the PCB 137B22B ICP blast pressure pencil probe:

  • Measurement range 500 psi (useful overrange up to 1 kpsi), sensitivity 10 mV/psi, resonant frequency ≥400 kHz, and rise time ≤6.5 µs.
  • Electrical specs include 20–30 VDC excitation, 2–20 mA constant current, discharge time constant ≥0.2 s, and output bias 8–14 VDC, all designed to work with standard ICP conditioning modules via BNC connectors.

These attributes translate into fewer complex external amplifiers, less specialized cabling, and more plug‑and‑play integration with modern data acquisition systems. Over a multiyear horizon:

  • Reduced engineering overhead: ICP sensors streamline system design, especially in CPO refurbishments where legacy charge amplifiers might be failing or obsolete.
  • Lower calibration downtime: Because ICP sensors present fixed voltage sensitivity and stable output impedance, calibration routines can be standardized and often require fewer adjustments than charge‑based chains where cable capacitance can alter effective sensitivity.
  • Improved uptime: Lower noise susceptibility and simpler wiring reduce troubleshooting cycles and unplanned downtime in high‑EMI environments.

ALLWILL can help clinics and integrators quantify these effects across fleets of devices, linking sensor architecture choices to anticipated repair frequency, calibration schedules, and system availability, without promising specific income outcomes.

Differentiated Advantage / Higher‑Ticket Rationale

ICP technology offers several differentiated advantages relative to charge output sensors:

  • Ease of use and simplicity: ICP sensors operate as two‑wire devices using constant‑current excitation; end users see a voltage signal at the output, making integration straightforward.
  • Noise resilience and long‑cable performance: Low‑impedance outputs are inherently better suited for transmission over long cables with reduced susceptibility to noise distortion compared to high‑impedance charge signals.
  • Standard connectors: Models like PCB 137B22B use BNC jacks and are compatible with widely available ICP conditioners and DAQ systems, simplifying procurement and replacement logistics.

Charge output sensors retain niche advantages—such as suitability for very high‑temperature environments where on‑sensor electronics could fail—but in typical clinical settings where temperatures remain within operating ranges and EMI is the more pressing concern, ICP’s higher‑ticket positioning is justified by its operational stability and ease of deployment. For buyers of high‑ticket aesthetic or diagnostic platforms, ALLWILL emphasizes these lifecycle benefits when comparing device architectures and refurbishment plans.

Practical ICP vs Charge Output Comparison Matrix

The table below provides a structured A‑vs‑B comparison designed to be directly usable in procurement decisions and searchable content feeds.

Dimension ICP Pressure Sensors (e.g., PCB 137B22B) Charge Output Pressure Sensors
Signal Type Low‑impedance voltage output generated by internal microelectronics, powered by constant‑current excitation. High‑impedance charge signal proportional to pressure, requiring external charge amplifier or conditioner.
EMI Susceptibility Intrinsically lower; low‑impedance signals tolerate long cables and are less sensitive to electromagnetic interference. Higher; long cable runs act as low‑pass filters and are more susceptible to capacitive noise and EMI distortion.
Cable Length Behavior Well‑suited for long cable lengths in practical applications up to tens of meters, with stable frequency response for typical clinical ranges. Maximum usable frequency drops as cable length and capacitance increase; cables longer than ~30 m often require careful analysis.
Connectors & Conditioning Standard connectors such as BNC, compatible with ICP signal conditioners and many DAQ systems; simple two‑wire current supply. Often need specialized low‑noise cabling and dedicated charge amplifiers; connector and amplifier compatibility must be managed.
Calibration & TCO Fixed voltage sensitivity simplifies calibration; fewer variables linked to cable capacitance, reducing routine downtime. Calibration must account for charge amplifier characteristics and cable effects; more complex routines can increase downtime.
Operating Environments Ideal for high‑EMI labs and clinical spaces, where standard cabling and robust signal transmission matter more than extreme temperature resilience. Better suited to extreme environments where placing electronics at the sensor head is impractical, but less convenient in typical clinical EMI scenarios.
Typical Use in Medical Systems Integrated into modern aesthetic, diagnostic, or research systems with centralized DAQ and long cable runs. Found in legacy setups or specialty test rigs where existing charge amplifiers are already installed and cable lengths are tightly controlled.
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Procurement teams can adapt this matrix into internal spec templates or RFP documents when comparing system designs, especially for CPO refurbishment projects where sensor architecture may need updating. ALLWILL can help operationalize these comparisons in multi‑device purchasing decisions.

Compliance & Asset‑Protection Guardrails

Pressure sensors themselves may be components, but they directly affect performance and safety of medical devices, making compliance and asset protection crucial.

Key guardrails include:

  • Device‑level regulatory alignment: Any modification from charge output to ICP sensing—or vice versa—must be validated within the device’s regulatory framework (e.g., IEC safety standards, FDA or CE approvals), as changes in sensing can alter performance characteristics and must be documented.
  • Calibration and documentation: Clinics and integrators should maintain calibration records, sensor serial numbers, and installation dates, ensuring traceability and supporting audits and incident investigations.
  • CPO transparency: When refurbishing certified pre‑owned systems, buyers must verify whether sensors have been replaced, upgraded, or recalibrated, and ensure that documentation reflects these changes.

ALLWILL positions itself as a sourcing and lifecycle partner that encourages written confirmation of regulatory status and calibration procedures from OEMs or certified service providers, rather than acting as the regulatory authority itself.

Procurement Risks to Avoid + ALLWILL Expert View

Common procurement risks around ICP vs charge output sensors include:

  • Under‑specifying EMI resilience: Selecting charge sensors or mixed architectures without considering the EMI profile of modern clinical spaces leads to avoidable noise problems and troubleshooting costs.
  • Ignoring cable dynamics: Long cable runs with charge sensors may degrade high‑frequency content and mask clinically relevant events; failing to model cable capacitance can compromise data quality.
  • Overlooking calibration and documentation: Treating sensor swaps as minor changes without updating calibration and regulatory files can cause audit issues, especially in high‑ticket medical systems.

ALLWILL Expert View: Turning Sensor Architecture into an Uptime Strategy

When clinics and integrators choose between ICP and charge output sensors, the key is to view the decision as a system‑level uptime strategy rather than a component‑level preference. In high‑EMI environments with lasers, RF generators, and long cable runs, ICP technology’s low‑impedance output and standard BNC connectivity simplify wiring, reduce susceptibility to noise, and streamline calibration routines. That means fewer hours spent chasing intermittent signal issues and more predictable maintenance windows.

For multi‑site aesthetic networks and hospital labs, ICP sensors also align better with centralized data acquisition architectures where sensors may sit tens of meters away from conditioning electronics. Charge output sensors still have a place in extreme environments and legacy test rigs, but their reliance on dedicated charge amplifiers and tight cable control often conflicts with modern clinical workflows. ALLWILL’s Smart Center helps buyers model these trade‑offs, incorporating sensor type, cable infrastructure, calibration plans, and CPO refurbishment strategies so that sensor architecture becomes a lever to improve uptime and not a hidden source of noise and downtime.

Mid‑article CTA: If you’re evaluating system upgrades or planning CPO refurbishments in high‑EMI clinical environments, request a quote from ALLWILL to compare ICP‑based configurations against existing charge output chains, including expected calibration impact and uptime gains.

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Frequently Asked Questions

When should we choose ICP sensors over charge output sensors in clinical systems?

ICP sensors are preferable when systems operate in high‑EMI environments, rely on long cable runs, and require straightforward integration with modern data acquisition hardware. Their low‑impedance voltage outputs are more resistant to noise and simplify calibration; clinics optimizing uptime in complex aesthetic or diagnostic labs often benefit from ICP‑centric architectures and can request a quote from ALLWILL to explore options.

How do ICP sensors mitigate signal degradation over long cable runs?

ICP sensors convert piezoelectric charge into low‑impedance voltage within the sensor and use constant‑current excitation, so the output signal withstands cable capacitance and external EMI better than high‑impedance charge signals. Long cables still act as low‑pass filters at very high frequencies, but for typical clinical bandwidths ICP designs maintain signal integrity across practical cable lengths.

What are the key specifications of PCB’s 137B22B ICP pressure sensor?

The PCB 137B22B is a quartz, free‑field ICP blast pressure pencil probe with a measurement range of 500 psi, useful overrange up to 1 kpsi, sensitivity of 10 mV/psi, resonant frequency ≥400 kHz, and rise time ≤6.5 µs. It operates with 20–30 VDC excitation, 2–20 mA constant current, and outputs via a BNC jack with ≤100‑ohm output impedance, making it suitable for high‑speed pressure events in complex labs.

Does ICP technology reduce routine calibration downtime compared with charge sensors?

ICP sensors typically offer fixed voltage sensitivity and stable output impedance, simplifying calibration procedures and reducing the impact of cable capacitance on readings. Charge output systems require calibration that factors in amplifier characteristics and cable effects; in practice, this can lengthen calibration cycles and increase downtime in busy labs, which is why many modern clinical systems favor ICP architectures.

How does ALLWILL help clinics decide between ICP and charge output architectures?

ALLWILL works with clinics, hospitals, and integrators to map sensor choices to system uptime, calibration policies, and refurbishment strategies, considering EMI conditions and cable infrastructure. By embedding ICP vs charge comparisons into device procurement and CPO planning, it helps buyers build coherent, compliance‑aware sensor strategies; interested teams can request a quote to review configuration options and lifecycle implications.

References

  1. Signal Conditioning Basics – PCB Piezotronics
  2. Signal Transmission on Long Cable Lengths With ICP Sensors – PCB Piezotronics
  3. ICP Pressure Sensor Fundamentals – PCB Piezotronics
  4. Model 137B22B Quartz Free‑Field ICP Blast Pressure Pencil Probe – PCB Piezotronics
  5. Model 137B22B ICP Pressure Sensor Installation and Operating Manual – PCB Piezotronics
  6. ICP Pressure Sensor Specification Sheet – Model 137B22B – PCB Piezotronics
  7. Model 137B22B ICP Pressure Sensor Datasheet – PCB Piezotronics Europe
  8. Long Cable Lengths and ICP Transducers – Siemens Support Community

 

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        11.  BUYER’S REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES. Buyer represents and warrants to MRP that: (a) Buyer is duly organized, validly existing, and in good standing in the jurisdiction of Buyer’s formation; (b) Buyer is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing in every jurisdiction in which such qualification is required; (c) Buyer has the full right, power, and authority to enter into this Agreement and to perform Buyer’s obligations under this Agreement; (d) the execution of this Agreement by the person whose signature is set forth at the end hereof has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of Buyer; (e) when executed and delivered by each of MRP and Buyer, this Agreement will constitute the legal, valid and binding obligation of Buyer, enforceable against Buyer in accordance with its terms; (f) Buyer is in compliance with all applicable laws relating to this Agreement, the Equipment and the operation of Buyer’s business; (g) Buyer is not insolvent and is paying all of its debts as they become due; and (h) all financial information that Buyer has provided to MRP is true and accurate and fairly represents Buyer’s financial condition.

        12. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.

(a) Ownership. No sale shall be construed as granting to Buyer any license or other right in, or to, any of MRP’s (i) patents; (ii) trademarks; (iii) internet domain names, whether or not trademarks, registered by any authorized private registrar or governmental authority, web addresses, web pages, websites and URLs; (iv) works of authorship, expressions, designs and design registrations, whether or not copyrightable, including copyrights and copyrightable works, software and firmware, technical data, data files, and databases and other specifications and documentation; (v) trade secrets; (vi) environmental or other testing applicable to the Equipment and/or the Services; and (vii) industrial and other intellectual property rights, and all rights, interests, and protections that are associated with, equivalent or similar to, or required for the exercise of, any of the foregoing, however arising, in each case whether registered or unregistered and including all registrations and applications for, and renewals or extensions of, such rights or forms of protection pursuant to the laws of any jurisdiction throughout in any part of the world (collectively, the “Intellectual Property Rights”).

(b) Prohibited Acts. Buyer shall not (i) take any action that might interfere with any of MRP’s rights in or to Intellectual Property Rights, including MRP’s ownership or exercise thereof; (ii) challenge any right, title, or interest of MRP in or to the Intellectual Property Rights; (iii) make any claim or take any action adverse to MRP’s ownership of the Intellectual Property Rights; (iv) register or apply for registrations, anywhere in the world, for MRP’s trademarks or any other trademark that is similar to MRP’s trademarks or that incorporates MRP’s trademarks in whole or in confusingly similar part; (v) use any mark, anywhere that is confusingly

similar to MRP’s trademarks in whole or in confusingly similar part; (vi) engage in any action that tends to disparage, dilute the value of or reflect negatively on the Equipment and/or the Services or any of MRP’s trademarks; (vii) misappropriate any of MRP’s trademarks for use as a domain name without prior written consent from MRP; or (viii) alter, obscure or remove any of MRP’s trademarks, or trademark or copyright notices or any other proprietary rights notices placed on the

Equipment, marketing materials or other materials that MRP may provide.

        13.  CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. Without the prior written consent of MRP,Buyer, directly or indirectly, shall not disclose (and will direct its directors, shareholders, employees and agents not to disclose) any Confidential Information. The term “Confidential Information” means any information of or relating to MRP or the Equipment and/or the Services not generally known to the public (other than as a result of disclosure in violation of this Agreement) in spoken, printed, electronic or any other form or medium, including, but not limited to, business processes, practices, methods, policies, plans, publications, documents, research, operations, services, strategies, techniques, agreements, contracts, transactions, potential transactions, know-how, trade secrets, databases, manuals, records, supplier information, financial information, accounting information, legal information, marketing information, pricing information, payroll information, personnel information, and supplier lists.

        14.  NON-SOLICITATION. Buyer agrees not to solicit or hire any personnel of MRP involved with the delivery of the Services during the provision of such Services and for twelve (12) months after the completion of such Services; provided, however, that Buyer may hire individuals employed by MRP who, without other solicitation, respond to advertisements or solicitations aimed at the general public.

        15.  EQUITABLE REMEDIES. Buyer acknowledges and agrees that (a) a breach or threatened breach by Buyer of any of its obligations under Sections 13 or 14 would give rise to irreparable harm to MRP for which monetary damages would not be an adequate remedy and (b) in the event of a breach or a threatened breach by Buyer of any such obligations, MRP shall, in addition to any and all other rights and remedies that may be available to MRP at law, at equity, or otherwise in respect of such breach, be entitled to equitable relief, including a temporary restraining order, an injunction, specific performance, and any other relief that may be available from a court of competent jurisdiction, without any requirement to post a bond or other security, and without any requirement to prove actual damages or that monetary damages will not afford an adequate remedy. Buyer agrees that Buyer will not oppose or otherwise challenge the appropriateness of equitable relief or the entry by a court of competent jurisdiction of an order granting equitable relief, in either case, consistent with the terms of this Section 15.

        16.  INDEMNIFICATION. Buyer agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless MRP and its directors, shareholders, employees and agents (collectively, “MRP Indemnitees”) against any liability, damage, loss or expense incurred by or imposed in connection with any claims, suits, actions, demands or judgments arising out of (a) any breach or non-fulfillment of any representation, warranty or covenant set forth in this Agreement by Buyer or its directors, managers, employees or agents (collectively, “Buyer’s Agents”); (b) any negligent act or omission or willful misconduct of Buyer or Buyer’s Agents in connection with this Agreement; (c) any bodily injury, death of any person or damage to real or tangible personal property caused by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents, including the use of unauthorized parts in or service of the Equipment; (d) any failure by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents to comply with any applicable laws; (e) any fraud or other intentional acts by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents; and (f) the use or operation of the Equipment, including, without limitation, any medical and/or surgical procedures performed by Buyer, and any of Buyer’s Agents, using the Equipment unless said damages are determined by a court of competence jurisdiction to be solely by the gross negligence of MRP or solely as result of a breach by MRP of the limited warranties contained herein.

        17.  DEFAULTS; REMEDIES. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, should Buyer fail to pay for the order or any other amount, in whole or in part, when due or perform its other obligations under this Agreement or as otherwise mutually agreed in writing between Buyer and MRP (each, a “Default”), then MRP may take any and all actions available under law or equity to collect said amounts with a ten (10) day prior written notice, including, but not limited to, enforcing its security interest, accelerating the payment of and declaring immediately due and payable any unpaid balance of the order, referral to outside collection agencies and/or commencement of legal action. MRP’s rights shall be cumulative, and it shall not be required to have attempted to realize upon to the Equipment before taking any other collection actions. MRP may require that Buyer assemble and return any or all of the Equipment to MRP and, in the event Buyer fails to return such Equipment peaceably, enter upon the premises where such Equipment is located, with or without legal process, and repossess such Equipment. Upon a Default, Buyer agrees to pay upon MRP’s demand: (i) all costs and expenses incurred by MRP or its assignee in connection with the enforcement of any remedies, including all expenses incurred in connection with the return, sale, release or other disposition of the Equipment, including attorneys’ fees and other costs incurred by MRP or its assignee in enforcing or defending its rights and remedies under this Agreement and any other written agreement between Buyer and MRP.

        18.  COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS. Buyer shall (a) carry out the transactions contemplated by this sale and deal with the Equipment in conformity with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of all government authorities, including, without limitation, export laws, (b) obtain all permits and licenses required in connection with the purchase, shipment, installation or use of the Equipment, and (c) be solely responsible to fully understand and comply with laws, rules and regulations. Any information provided is as a convenience only.

        19.  FURTHER ASSURANCES. Upon MRP’s reasonable request, Buyer shall, at its sole cost and expense, execute and deliver all such further documents and instruments, and take all such further acts, necessary to give full effect to this Agreement.

        20.  ASSIGNMENT; SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS. Buyer cannot delegate any duties nor assign any rights or claims under this Agreement without MRP’s prior written consent, and any such attempt or assignment shall be void. In the event that Buyer finances its acquisition of any Equipment with a third party, Buyer may direct MRP to transfer title of such Equipment to such third-party financing company, with all remaining terms and conditions of this Agreement remaining in full force and effect. This Agreement is binding on and inures to the benefit of the parties to this Agreement and their respective permitted successors and permitted assigns.

        21.  NO THIRD-PARTY BENEFICIARIES. Subject to Section 16, this Agreement benefits solely the parties to this Agreement and their respective permitted successors and assigns, and nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, confers on any other person any legal or equitable right, benefit, or remedy of any nature whatsoever under or by reason of this Agreement.

        22.  GOVERNING LAW; VENUE. The application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is expressly excluded. The parties agree that any and all claims, demands, disagreements, controversies or disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement and any agreement or document delivered in connection herewith (collectively, “Claims”) shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Utah and adjudicated exclusively in the state and federal courts located in or nearest to Summit County, Utah, which courts shall have the sole and exclusive jurisdiction and venue for adjudication of all Claims. The parties hereby agree upon, consent and stipulate to the jurisdiction and venue of the aforementioned courts for the adjudication of all Claims, to the exclusion of all other courts, forums and venues whatsoever.

        23.  NON-DISPARAGEMENT. Buyer shall not disparage MRP or MRP’s trademarks, websites, products or services, or display any such items in a derogatory or negative manner on any website or in any public forum or press release.

        24.  NOTICES. Any notice, demand, or communication required, permitted or desired to be given hereunder shall be deemed effectively given when personally delivered, when sent by electronic means, when received by overnight courier, or when mailed by prepaid, certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, addressed to the other party at its address set forth on the Quote or to such other address that the receiving party may designate from time to time in accordance with this Section 25.

        25.  PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENTS. Unless otherwise stated herein, neither party shall issue a press release or otherwise advertise, make a public statement or disclose to any third-party information pertaining to the relationship arising under this Agreement, the existence or terms of this Agreement, the underlying transactions between MRP and Buyer or agent for Buyer or refer to the other party in relation to this Agreement without the other party’s prior written approval.

        26.  ENTIRE AGREEMENT; ADDITIONAL OR INCONSISTENT TERMS. Subject to Section 32, this Agreement constitutes the sole and entire agreement between the parties hereto relating to the subject matter hereof, and any unincorporated representation, affirmation of fact, course of prior dealings, promise or condition in connection therewith, or usage of the trade, shall not be binding on either party. Terms and conditions set forth which differ from, conflict with or are not included in this Agreement shall not be part of any agreement between MRP and Buyer unless both parties specifically accept such terms and conditions in writing.

        27.  WAIVER. No waiver under this Agreement is effective unless it is in writing and signed by the party waiving its right. Any waiver authorized on one occasion is effective only in that instance and only for the purpose stated and does not operate as a waiver on any future occasion. None of the following constitutes a waiver or estoppel of any right, remedy, power, privilege or condition arising from this Agreement: any failure or delay in exercising any right, remedy, power or privilege or in enforcing any condition under this Agreement; or any act, omission or course of dealing between the parties.

        28.  SURVIVAL. Subject to the limitations and other provisions of this Agreement, the representations and warranties of Buyer contained herein shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement for a period of twelve (12) months after such expiration o termination and (b) this Section 29 and Sections 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, and 32 of this Agreement, as well as any other provision that, in order to give proper effect to its intent, should survive such expiration or termination, shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement. All other provisions of this Agreement shall not survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement.

        29.  RELATIONSHIP OF PARTIES. Nothing in this Agreement creates any agency, joint venture, partnership or other form of joint enterprise, employment or fiduciary relationship between the parties. Neither party has any express or implied right or authority to assume or create any obligations on behalf of or in the name of the other party or to bind the other party to any contract, agreement or undertaking with any third party.

        30.  HEADINGS. The headings in this Agreement are for reference only and do not affect the interpretation of this Agreement.

        31.  ORDER OF PRECEDENCE. In the event of conflict between the Quote, a written agreement by MRP, and these Terms, the order of priority shall be: (1) the written

agreement by MRP, if only if executed by an MRP Officer, (2) the Quote and (3) these Terms, and only to the extent of the direct conflict. Notwithstanding the foregoing, MRP shall not be bound by, and specifically objects to, any terms, conditions or other provisions, both written and oral, which are different from, in addition to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement which are set forth in any purchase order, receipt, acceptance, confirmation, correspondence or otherwise of, or by, Buyer. Fulfillment of Buyer’s order shall not constitute acceptance of any of Buyer’s terms and conditions and does not serve to modify or amend the terms and conditions contained herein.

        32.  SEVERABILITY. If any part of this Agreement is held to be void, illegal or unenforceable, then it shall be deemed to be severed from this Agreement and the remaining provisions shall continue in full force and effect; provided, however, that if any fundamental term or provision of this Agreement is held to be void, illegal or unenforceable, the remainder of this Agreement shall be unenforceable. Upon a determination that any term or provision is void, illegal or unenforceable, the parties shall negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement to effect the original intent of the parties as closely as possible in order that the transactions contemplated hereby be consummated as originally contemplated to the greatest extent possible.