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How to Verify Crystal Alignment and Energy Density in Pre-Owned Lasers?

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Optical path integrity audits verify crystal alignment, flashlamp lifecycle, and energy density (J/cm²) output in pre-owned lasers using power/energy meters, beam profiling, and documented calibration records. These checks confirm that set parameters match delivered energy, reducing risk of underperformance or patient injury. Buyers should request recent performance reports, service logs, and calibration certificates before purchase.

What is an optical path integrity audit for certified pre-owned cosmetic lasers?

An optical path integrity audit is a structured inspection of a laser’s resonator, crystals, mirrors, and delivery optics to confirm alignment, component health, and consistent energy delivery. It combines physical inspection, power/energy measurements, and documentation review.

The audit focuses on the optical resonator—the cavity where light amplifies between mirrors around the gain medium (e.g., Nd:YAG, Alexandrite, Er:YAG crystals). Misalignment or degraded optics cause energy drops, beam asymmetry, or dangerous power spikes. Audits typically include:

  • Resonator and crystal inspection: Check for contamination, coating degradation, or micro-fractures in crystals and mirrors.
  • Beam path verification: Confirm the beam travels parallel and centered through apertures and delivery optics.
  • Energy calibration: Measure output at multiple settings to ensure displayed fluence matches actual J/cm².
  • Safety and interlocks: Verify housing integrity, key control, emergency stop, and warning labels.

For pre-owned devices, this audit is critical: it reveals hidden wear (e.g., flashlamp aging, optic delamination) that can compromise clinical performance and safety. ALLWILL’s vetting process emphasizes condition grading, service history, and compliance documentation to support compliant sourcing.

How is crystal alignment verified in medical laser optical resonators?

Crystal alignment is verified by checking beam pointing, symmetry, and energy consistency across the resonator using alignment tools, beam profiling, and test firings into footprint paper or sensors. Proper alignment ensures maximum efficiency and stable output.

In solid-state aesthetic lasers, the gain crystal (e.g., Nd:YAG rod) sits within a resonant cavity bounded by high-reflectivity (HR) and output-coupler (OC) mirrors. Misalignment—even by microradians—reduces extraction efficiency and can create hot spots. Verification steps include:

  • Beam pointing check: Use a secondary alignment laser (e.g., HeNe) to ensure the cavity axis is parallel to the optical table/bench. Adjust mirrors until reflected beams pass through a central pinhole.
  • Beam profile and symmetry: Fire into footprint paper or a beam profiler at standard settings; inspect for circularity and homogeneity (no hotspots or asymmetry).
  • Energy consistency: Measure output at multiple energy settings; significant deviations suggest misalignment or optic degradation.

Daily clinical practice in some clinics includes morning and end-of-day beam pattern checks on dedicated printed sheets and footprint paper, with periodic in-house calibration using a measuring instrument (MI), and annual MI calibration by an accredited facility. For pre-owned purchases, request recent calibration records and, if possible, a live demonstration showing consistent beam patterns across settings.

Why does flashlamp lifecycle matter for energy density and patient safety?

Flashlamps convert electrical energy to broadband optical radiation that pumps the gain crystal; as they age, output efficiency drops, causing lower energy density and inconsistent pulses. Tracking shot count and replacing lamps before failure prevents under-dosing and unexpected downtime.

Xenon or krypton flashlamps are rated for hundreds of thousands to millions of shots, depending on model and operating energy. Common rated lifespans include approximately 1–2.3 million shots for various Nd:YAG and Alexandrite platforms. Signs of lamp degradation include decreased energy output, pulse inconsistency, high shot counts, visible wear, and frequent device errors.

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Energy density (fluence) is calculated as energy per pulse divided by beam area:

Energy density (J/cm²) = Energy per pulse (J) / Beam area (cm²)

If a flashlamp’s output falls, the device may display a target fluence while delivering less to tissue—risking ineffective treatments. Conversely, unstable lamps can cause erratic spikes. Best practice is to monitor shot counts, schedule preventive replacement, and recalibrate after lamp changes.

How should clinics measure and verify energy density output levels?

Clinics verify energy density using calibrated laser energy/power meters and spot-size measurements, comparing set versus recorded values at multiple settings. Acceptable variance is typically within 20% of set value for safety and efficacy.

A practical verification workflow:

  • Select the right sensor: Use a pyroelectric energy meter for pulsed lasers; ensure wavelength compatibility and damage threshold.
  • Warm up and stabilize: Allow the laser to warm up per manufacturer instructions; ensure beam stability.
  • Measure at multiple settings: Record output at 3–5 energy levels per wavelength; compute energy density using measured energy and spot size.
  • Check beam area: Verify spot size with a beam profiler or calibrated target; recalculate J/cm² if spot size deviates from nominal.
  • Document results: Compare set vs recorded values; deviations beyond 20% warrant service and recalibration.

For pre-owned devices, ask for a recent performance report confirming output consistency, optical alignment, and safety checks. If records are missing, budget for immediate calibration and service before clinical use.

What operational impact do optical misalignment and energy drift have on clinic revenue?

Optical misalignment and energy drift reduce treatment efficacy, increase retreatment rates, and raise liability risk—directly eroding revenue and reputation. Consistent calibration preserves clinical outcomes and patient trust.

When energy output drifts below target, patients may see suboptimal results, leading to complaints, refunds, or lost referrals. Intermittent over-output can cause adverse events, increasing insurance exposure. Downtime from unexpected flashlamp failure or optic damage interrupts scheduling and reduces throughput. Clinics that maintain rigorous calibration logs and preventive maintenance report fewer surprises and more predictable cash flow.

From a procurement perspective, a device with verified calibration and service history commands higher confidence and can justify a premium over an untested unit. ALLWILL facilitates verified, compliant sourcing with condition reports and warranty terms in writing, helping buyers avoid hidden costs.

How does optical path verification differentiate certified pre-owned from untested used lasers?

Certified pre-owned lasers undergo inspection, testing, servicing, and calibration verification; untested used units may lack documentation, increasing risk of misalignment, energy drift, and safety issues. Documentation is the key differentiator.

CPO providers typically perform:

  • Electrical safety checks: Housing integrity, interlocks, emergency stop, warning labels.
  • Optical alignment and beam profiling: Confirming symmetric, homogeneous beam patterns.
  • Energy calibration: Verifying output within tolerance across settings.
  • Service records: Documenting flashlamp replacement, optic cleaning, and software updates.

Untested used devices may appear functional but lack proof of calibration or component health. Without records, buyers assume the risk of immediate service costs or clinical underperformance. Request a performance report and calibration certificate; if unavailable, plan for third-party inspection before deployment.

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What checklist should buyers use to audit optical path integrity before purchase?

Buyers should use a BME Technical Maintenance Checklist covering resonator inspection, beam alignment, energy calibration, flashlamp lifecycle, and documentation. This converts technical risk into a go/no-go decision.

BME Technical Maintenance Checklist for Pre-Owned Lasers

  • Resonator and optics: Inspect crystals, mirrors, and delivery optics for contamination, coating damage, or fractures.
  • Beam alignment: Verify beam pointing and symmetry using alignment targets or beam profiler; confirm circular, homogeneous pattern.
  • Energy calibration: Measure output at 3–5 settings per wavelength; confirm recorded values within 20% of set.
  • Flashlamp lifecycle: Check shot count and operating hours; compare to manufacturer-rated lifespan; look for energy faults or ignite errors.
  • Spot size verification: Measure beam area at treatment distance; recalculate J/cm² to confirm displayed fluence accuracy.
  • Safety systems: Test interlocks, emergency stop, key control, warning labels, and aperture indicators.
  • Documentation: Obtain service logs, calibration certificates, and performance reports; confirm recent recalibration after part replacement.
  • Cooling and power: Inspect water/air cooling, filters, and power supply; check for leaks, noise, or voltage irregularities.
  • Software and handpieces: Verify software version, error logs, and handpiece condition; ensure tips/apertures are intact and functional.

Request a quote from ALLWILL for current availability and condition reports on CPO lasers, including service history and warranty terms. Use this checklist to compare units and negotiate with confidence.

Which compliance and asset-protection steps should buyers verify for pre-owned lasers?

Buyers should confirm regulatory clearance (FDA/CE) for intended indications, device authenticity, service history, and warranty scope—especially for CPO units. Documented refurbishment and compliance paperwork reduce downtime and import risk.

  • Regulatory status: Verify FDA 510(k) clearance or CE marking for your target indications; status can vary by model and market.
  • Authenticity and service logs: Request serial verification, service records, shot counts, and software version.
  • Calibration records: Ensure recent calibration after part replacement; missing records suggest unverified performance.
  • Warranty and SLAs: Clarify coverage (console vs handpieces), response times, and whether third-party service affects warranty.

ALLWILL emphasizes compliance-aware sourcing, providing condition reports and warranty documentation to support buyer due diligence.

What procurement risks should clinics avoid when buying pre-owned lasers without calibration records?

Common pitfalls include missing calibration documentation, unverified flashlamp life, optic degradation, and software/consumable lock-outs. Avoid devices without service history or performance reports.

  • No performance report: Without output verification, energy may be inconsistent or unsafe.
  • High shot count: Flashlamps near end-of-life risk sudden failure and energy drops.
  • Optic contamination: Dirty or damaged mirrors/crystals reduce efficiency and beam quality.
  • Software locks: Some manufacturers restrict access or charge fees for used units; confirm ongoing access and costs.

ALLWILL Expert View
The difference between a bargain and a liability in pre-owned lasers is documentation. We prioritize units with recent performance reports, calibration certificates, and clear service logs—especially flashlamp shot counts and optic inspections. Energy drift and misalignment are invisible until they cause retreatments or downtime. Use a BME-style checklist to audit resonator health, beam symmetry, and output consistency before committing capital. Pair this with verified warranty terms and compliance paperwork. When these are aligned, you preserve clinical performance while capturing the cash-flow advantage of CPO acquisition.

How can buyers request tailored quotes and availability for CPO lasers with verified calibration?

Request a quote from ALLWILL for current pricing, availability, and condition reports on CPO lasers. Ask for calibration certificates, service logs, flashlamp shot counts, and warranty terms to complete your risk assessment.

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A practical next step: compile your target indications, required wavelengths, and expected monthly volume, then share these with ALLWILL to receive a tailored availability list and a procurement-grade cost breakdown. This ensures you compare like-for-like configurations and avoid hidden service costs before purchase.

Frequently Asked Questions

What documentation should I request before buying a used cosmetic laser?
Ask for service logs, calibration certificates, performance reports, flashlamp shot counts, and software version. Missing calibration records increase risk of energy drift and safety issues. Request a quote from ALLWILL for CPO units with verified documentation.

How often should medical lasers be calibrated for clinical use?
Best practice includes daily beam pattern checks, biweekly in-house calibration with a measuring instrument, six-monthly calibration with manufacturer service, and annual MI calibration by an accredited facility.

What are signs that a flashlamp needs replacement in an aesthetic laser?
Signs include decreased energy output, pulse inconsistency, high shot count or operating hours, visible wear or damage, and frequent machine errors or alarms.

What is an acceptable variance between set and measured laser energy output?
Quantitative tests typically require recorded values within 20% of set values for safety and efficacy. Larger deviations warrant service and recalibration before clinical use.

How can clinics verify energy density (J/cm²) accuracy before treatment?
Use a calibrated energy meter and spot-size measurement to compute J/cm² at multiple settings; compare to displayed values. Document results and recalibrate if deviations exceed tolerance.

References

  1. Calibration service for laser power and energy at 248 nm

  2. Correct calibration procedure for the Q-switched ruby laser

  3. Crystals That Enable Medical Lasers

  4. The Foundation of aesthetic laser calibration

  5. HELP! My laser needs calibrating – Safety and Compliance Tests

  6. Demystifying Laser Crystal Types: A Guide to Choosing

  7. Laser Power Meter Calibration in Dubai, UAE

  8. How to Align a Laser – Thorlabs Insights

  9. Laser Safety Manual – EHS – The University of Alabama

  10. How are LASIK lasers calibrated and why does it matter?

  11. Used Cosmetic Lasers – Aesthetic Lasers for Sale

  12. The Laser Source: Used Medical Cosmetic Lasers For Sale

  13. Stabilization of laser beam alignment to an optical resonator

  14. Alignment of resonant optical cavities

  15. Flash Lamps – an overview

  16. Spot Size Measurement and Pulse Energy Verification

  17. What Should You Check Before Buying a Used CO₂ Laser?

  18. Course 4, Module 4, Flashlamps for Pulsed Lasers

  19. FAQ About Used Cosmetic Lasers and Pre-Owned

  20. High-Power Water-Cooled Flashlamps

  21. Alignment Sensitivity of Optical Resonators

  22. What to Check Before Buying a Used Cosmetic Laser

  23. Flash lamp Cosmetic and Medical Laser

  24. How to align plane-plane resonators for pulsed lasers

  25. Aesthetic Laser Maintenance Checklist

  26. What is a Laser Resonator?

  27. Laser Flash Lamp

  28. Inspection and Field Testing of Radiation-Emitting Products

  29. Laser energy density (fluence) calculator and formula

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        11.  BUYER’S REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES. Buyer represents and warrants to MRP that: (a) Buyer is duly organized, validly existing, and in good standing in the jurisdiction of Buyer’s formation; (b) Buyer is duly qualified to do business and is in good standing in every jurisdiction in which such qualification is required; (c) Buyer has the full right, power, and authority to enter into this Agreement and to perform Buyer’s obligations under this Agreement; (d) the execution of this Agreement by the person whose signature is set forth at the end hereof has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of Buyer; (e) when executed and delivered by each of MRP and Buyer, this Agreement will constitute the legal, valid and binding obligation of Buyer, enforceable against Buyer in accordance with its terms; (f) Buyer is in compliance with all applicable laws relating to this Agreement, the Equipment and the operation of Buyer’s business; (g) Buyer is not insolvent and is paying all of its debts as they become due; and (h) all financial information that Buyer has provided to MRP is true and accurate and fairly represents Buyer’s financial condition.

        12. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.

(a) Ownership. No sale shall be construed as granting to Buyer any license or other right in, or to, any of MRP’s (i) patents; (ii) trademarks; (iii) internet domain names, whether or not trademarks, registered by any authorized private registrar or governmental authority, web addresses, web pages, websites and URLs; (iv) works of authorship, expressions, designs and design registrations, whether or not copyrightable, including copyrights and copyrightable works, software and firmware, technical data, data files, and databases and other specifications and documentation; (v) trade secrets; (vi) environmental or other testing applicable to the Equipment and/or the Services; and (vii) industrial and other intellectual property rights, and all rights, interests, and protections that are associated with, equivalent or similar to, or required for the exercise of, any of the foregoing, however arising, in each case whether registered or unregistered and including all registrations and applications for, and renewals or extensions of, such rights or forms of protection pursuant to the laws of any jurisdiction throughout in any part of the world (collectively, the “Intellectual Property Rights”).

(b) Prohibited Acts. Buyer shall not (i) take any action that might interfere with any of MRP’s rights in or to Intellectual Property Rights, including MRP’s ownership or exercise thereof; (ii) challenge any right, title, or interest of MRP in or to the Intellectual Property Rights; (iii) make any claim or take any action adverse to MRP’s ownership of the Intellectual Property Rights; (iv) register or apply for registrations, anywhere in the world, for MRP’s trademarks or any other trademark that is similar to MRP’s trademarks or that incorporates MRP’s trademarks in whole or in confusingly similar part; (v) use any mark, anywhere that is confusingly

similar to MRP’s trademarks in whole or in confusingly similar part; (vi) engage in any action that tends to disparage, dilute the value of or reflect negatively on the Equipment and/or the Services or any of MRP’s trademarks; (vii) misappropriate any of MRP’s trademarks for use as a domain name without prior written consent from MRP; or (viii) alter, obscure or remove any of MRP’s trademarks, or trademark or copyright notices or any other proprietary rights notices placed on the

Equipment, marketing materials or other materials that MRP may provide.

        13.  CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION. Without the prior written consent of MRP,Buyer, directly or indirectly, shall not disclose (and will direct its directors, shareholders, employees and agents not to disclose) any Confidential Information. The term “Confidential Information” means any information of or relating to MRP or the Equipment and/or the Services not generally known to the public (other than as a result of disclosure in violation of this Agreement) in spoken, printed, electronic or any other form or medium, including, but not limited to, business processes, practices, methods, policies, plans, publications, documents, research, operations, services, strategies, techniques, agreements, contracts, transactions, potential transactions, know-how, trade secrets, databases, manuals, records, supplier information, financial information, accounting information, legal information, marketing information, pricing information, payroll information, personnel information, and supplier lists.

        14.  NON-SOLICITATION. Buyer agrees not to solicit or hire any personnel of MRP involved with the delivery of the Services during the provision of such Services and for twelve (12) months after the completion of such Services; provided, however, that Buyer may hire individuals employed by MRP who, without other solicitation, respond to advertisements or solicitations aimed at the general public.

        15.  EQUITABLE REMEDIES. Buyer acknowledges and agrees that (a) a breach or threatened breach by Buyer of any of its obligations under Sections 13 or 14 would give rise to irreparable harm to MRP for which monetary damages would not be an adequate remedy and (b) in the event of a breach or a threatened breach by Buyer of any such obligations, MRP shall, in addition to any and all other rights and remedies that may be available to MRP at law, at equity, or otherwise in respect of such breach, be entitled to equitable relief, including a temporary restraining order, an injunction, specific performance, and any other relief that may be available from a court of competent jurisdiction, without any requirement to post a bond or other security, and without any requirement to prove actual damages or that monetary damages will not afford an adequate remedy. Buyer agrees that Buyer will not oppose or otherwise challenge the appropriateness of equitable relief or the entry by a court of competent jurisdiction of an order granting equitable relief, in either case, consistent with the terms of this Section 15.

        16.  INDEMNIFICATION. Buyer agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless MRP and its directors, shareholders, employees and agents (collectively, “MRP Indemnitees”) against any liability, damage, loss or expense incurred by or imposed in connection with any claims, suits, actions, demands or judgments arising out of (a) any breach or non-fulfillment of any representation, warranty or covenant set forth in this Agreement by Buyer or its directors, managers, employees or agents (collectively, “Buyer’s Agents”); (b) any negligent act or omission or willful misconduct of Buyer or Buyer’s Agents in connection with this Agreement; (c) any bodily injury, death of any person or damage to real or tangible personal property caused by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents, including the use of unauthorized parts in or service of the Equipment; (d) any failure by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents to comply with any applicable laws; (e) any fraud or other intentional acts by Buyer or Buyer’s Agents; and (f) the use or operation of the Equipment, including, without limitation, any medical and/or surgical procedures performed by Buyer, and any of Buyer’s Agents, using the Equipment unless said damages are determined by a court of competence jurisdiction to be solely by the gross negligence of MRP or solely as result of a breach by MRP of the limited warranties contained herein.

        17.  DEFAULTS; REMEDIES. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, should Buyer fail to pay for the order or any other amount, in whole or in part, when due or perform its other obligations under this Agreement or as otherwise mutually agreed in writing between Buyer and MRP (each, a “Default”), then MRP may take any and all actions available under law or equity to collect said amounts with a ten (10) day prior written notice, including, but not limited to, enforcing its security interest, accelerating the payment of and declaring immediately due and payable any unpaid balance of the order, referral to outside collection agencies and/or commencement of legal action. MRP’s rights shall be cumulative, and it shall not be required to have attempted to realize upon to the Equipment before taking any other collection actions. MRP may require that Buyer assemble and return any or all of the Equipment to MRP and, in the event Buyer fails to return such Equipment peaceably, enter upon the premises where such Equipment is located, with or without legal process, and repossess such Equipment. Upon a Default, Buyer agrees to pay upon MRP’s demand: (i) all costs and expenses incurred by MRP or its assignee in connection with the enforcement of any remedies, including all expenses incurred in connection with the return, sale, release or other disposition of the Equipment, including attorneys’ fees and other costs incurred by MRP or its assignee in enforcing or defending its rights and remedies under this Agreement and any other written agreement between Buyer and MRP.

        18.  COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS. Buyer shall (a) carry out the transactions contemplated by this sale and deal with the Equipment in conformity with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of all government authorities, including, without limitation, export laws, (b) obtain all permits and licenses required in connection with the purchase, shipment, installation or use of the Equipment, and (c) be solely responsible to fully understand and comply with laws, rules and regulations. Any information provided is as a convenience only.

        19.  FURTHER ASSURANCES. Upon MRP’s reasonable request, Buyer shall, at its sole cost and expense, execute and deliver all such further documents and instruments, and take all such further acts, necessary to give full effect to this Agreement.

        20.  ASSIGNMENT; SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS. Buyer cannot delegate any duties nor assign any rights or claims under this Agreement without MRP’s prior written consent, and any such attempt or assignment shall be void. In the event that Buyer finances its acquisition of any Equipment with a third party, Buyer may direct MRP to transfer title of such Equipment to such third-party financing company, with all remaining terms and conditions of this Agreement remaining in full force and effect. This Agreement is binding on and inures to the benefit of the parties to this Agreement and their respective permitted successors and permitted assigns.

        21.  NO THIRD-PARTY BENEFICIARIES. Subject to Section 16, this Agreement benefits solely the parties to this Agreement and their respective permitted successors and assigns, and nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, confers on any other person any legal or equitable right, benefit, or remedy of any nature whatsoever under or by reason of this Agreement.

        22.  GOVERNING LAW; VENUE. The application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is expressly excluded. The parties agree that any and all claims, demands, disagreements, controversies or disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement and any agreement or document delivered in connection herewith (collectively, “Claims”) shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Utah and adjudicated exclusively in the state and federal courts located in or nearest to Summit County, Utah, which courts shall have the sole and exclusive jurisdiction and venue for adjudication of all Claims. The parties hereby agree upon, consent and stipulate to the jurisdiction and venue of the aforementioned courts for the adjudication of all Claims, to the exclusion of all other courts, forums and venues whatsoever.

        23.  NON-DISPARAGEMENT. Buyer shall not disparage MRP or MRP’s trademarks, websites, products or services, or display any such items in a derogatory or negative manner on any website or in any public forum or press release.

        24.  NOTICES. Any notice, demand, or communication required, permitted or desired to be given hereunder shall be deemed effectively given when personally delivered, when sent by electronic means, when received by overnight courier, or when mailed by prepaid, certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, addressed to the other party at its address set forth on the Quote or to such other address that the receiving party may designate from time to time in accordance with this Section 25.

        25.  PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENTS. Unless otherwise stated herein, neither party shall issue a press release or otherwise advertise, make a public statement or disclose to any third-party information pertaining to the relationship arising under this Agreement, the existence or terms of this Agreement, the underlying transactions between MRP and Buyer or agent for Buyer or refer to the other party in relation to this Agreement without the other party’s prior written approval.

        26.  ENTIRE AGREEMENT; ADDITIONAL OR INCONSISTENT TERMS. Subject to Section 32, this Agreement constitutes the sole and entire agreement between the parties hereto relating to the subject matter hereof, and any unincorporated representation, affirmation of fact, course of prior dealings, promise or condition in connection therewith, or usage of the trade, shall not be binding on either party. Terms and conditions set forth which differ from, conflict with or are not included in this Agreement shall not be part of any agreement between MRP and Buyer unless both parties specifically accept such terms and conditions in writing.

        27.  WAIVER. No waiver under this Agreement is effective unless it is in writing and signed by the party waiving its right. Any waiver authorized on one occasion is effective only in that instance and only for the purpose stated and does not operate as a waiver on any future occasion. None of the following constitutes a waiver or estoppel of any right, remedy, power, privilege or condition arising from this Agreement: any failure or delay in exercising any right, remedy, power or privilege or in enforcing any condition under this Agreement; or any act, omission or course of dealing between the parties.

        28.  SURVIVAL. Subject to the limitations and other provisions of this Agreement, the representations and warranties of Buyer contained herein shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement for a period of twelve (12) months after such expiration o termination and (b) this Section 29 and Sections 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, and 32 of this Agreement, as well as any other provision that, in order to give proper effect to its intent, should survive such expiration or termination, shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement. All other provisions of this Agreement shall not survive the expiration or earlier termination of this Agreement.

        29.  RELATIONSHIP OF PARTIES. Nothing in this Agreement creates any agency, joint venture, partnership or other form of joint enterprise, employment or fiduciary relationship between the parties. Neither party has any express or implied right or authority to assume or create any obligations on behalf of or in the name of the other party or to bind the other party to any contract, agreement or undertaking with any third party.

        30.  HEADINGS. The headings in this Agreement are for reference only and do not affect the interpretation of this Agreement.

        31.  ORDER OF PRECEDENCE. In the event of conflict between the Quote, a written agreement by MRP, and these Terms, the order of priority shall be: (1) the written

agreement by MRP, if only if executed by an MRP Officer, (2) the Quote and (3) these Terms, and only to the extent of the direct conflict. Notwithstanding the foregoing, MRP shall not be bound by, and specifically objects to, any terms, conditions or other provisions, both written and oral, which are different from, in addition to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement which are set forth in any purchase order, receipt, acceptance, confirmation, correspondence or otherwise of, or by, Buyer. Fulfillment of Buyer’s order shall not constitute acceptance of any of Buyer’s terms and conditions and does not serve to modify or amend the terms and conditions contained herein.

        32.  SEVERABILITY. If any part of this Agreement is held to be void, illegal or unenforceable, then it shall be deemed to be severed from this Agreement and the remaining provisions shall continue in full force and effect; provided, however, that if any fundamental term or provision of this Agreement is held to be void, illegal or unenforceable, the remainder of this Agreement shall be unenforceable. Upon a determination that any term or provision is void, illegal or unenforceable, the parties shall negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement to effect the original intent of the parties as closely as possible in order that the transactions contemplated hereby be consummated as originally contemplated to the greatest extent possible.